Which of the following describes a resistance-management approach commonly recommended in vector control programs?

• A. Rotate insecticide classes, use mixtures or mosaics, and integrate non-chemical controls.
• B. Rely on a single insecticide with high-dose applications.
• C. Use only genetic modification without monitoring or diversification.
• D. Use landscape-based habitat elimination exclusively.

Answer: (B)

Managing resistance in vector control hinges on reducing the selection pressure that any one control method exerts. The best approach combines rotating insecticide classes, using mixtures or mosaics of different active ingredients, and integrating non-chemical controls. This diversification makes it harder for mosquitoes to develop resistance because they’re exposed to multiple modes of action and different control strategies over time, so no single resistance mechanism becomes highly favored. It also lowers overall insecticide use, which further slows resistance evolution and supports long-term effectiveness.

Relying on a single insecticide with high-dose applications creates strong, focused selection for resistance traits, leading to rapid loss of efficacy. Using genetic modification in isolation without monitoring or diversification ignores the practical need to adapt to evolving mosquito populations. And relying exclusively on landscape-based habitat elimination misses the broader, integrated approach that combines chemical and non-chemical tools to sustainably suppress populations and manage resistance.